მისტიური ქალის სახე დანტე გაბრიელ როსეტის შემოქმედებაში

fridrix nicSe Tavis nawarmoebSi ,,atiqriste’’ wers, rom ,,qalis Seqmna RmerTis meore Secdoma iyo” (nicSe 2009: 32). Tumca albaT es yvelaze kargi ,,Secdoma’’ iyo. radgan rom ara eva, adami mosawyeni cxovrebiT icxovrebda edemis baRSi da ar moxdeboda misi iqidan gamodevna, Sesabamisad araferi iarsebebda mosawyeni da maradiuli harmoniis garda. evam romelmac erTi SexedviT daRupa adami, sinamdvileSi axali sicocxle STabera mas, radgan swored akrZaluli nayofis Wamisa da samoTxis baRidan gamodevnis Semdeg harmonia disharmoniam Secvala, bedniereba tanjvam, xolo maradisoba – droebiTobam. Aman ki is gamoiwvia, rom harmoniisa da maradiulobisaken ltolvis survili da aucilebloba gaCnda, romelic yvelaze mkafiod da naTlad xelovnebaSi aisaxa.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom xelovnebas saukuneebis manZilze mamakacebi qmnidnen, udavoa, rom qalis saxes xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. sxvadasxva mwerali sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgens qals, xandaxan is mamakacTa damRupvelad gvevlineba, xanac piriqiT – maT mxsnelad. Aase iqca qali rogorc gaRmerTebis, aseve zizRisa da gmobis obieqtad. qali erTi SexedviT advilad gamosacnobi da amavdroulad mistiuricaa. mamakacebi erTdroulad ixiblebian da eSiniaT kidec misi.

statiis mTavari amocanaa, ganixilos mistiuri qalis saxe, erT-erTi gamorCeuli pre-rafaelitis poetisa da mxatvris, dante gabriel rosetis SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca vidre uSualod sakvlev sakiTxe gadavidoeT, albaT aucilebelia oriode sityva iTqvas pre-rafaerlitebisa da maTi saZmos Sesaxeb, romelic erT-erT mniSvnelovan fenomens warmoadgenda inglisur literaturaSi.

pre–rafaelitTa saZmo ingliseli mxatvrebis, poetebisa da kritikosebis gaerTianeba iyo, romelic 1848 wlis seqtemberSi, inglisSi Camoyalibda. mas saTaveSi  dante gabriel roseti, uiliam holman hanti da jon everet mile edgnen. am sameuls SemdgomSi kidev oTxi wevri SeuerTda: uiliam maikl roseti, jeims kolinsoni, frederik jorj stivensi da tomas vulneri. udavoa, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom uwodebdnen isini Tavis Tavs pre-rafaelitebs? amis mizezi is iyo, rom saZmos azriT rafaelis Semdeg mxatvroba maneruli da aragulwrfeli gaxda. Sesabamisad, isini Tavis amocanad miiCnevdnen adreuli italiuri renesansis bunebriobisa da siwrfelis dabrunebas.

   pre-rafaelitTa saZmos erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas isic warmoadgenda, rom maTTvis poezia da mxatvroba ganuyreli iyo da maTi umetesoba weris gardac xatavdnen.

erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli wevri pre-rafaelitTa saZmodan dante gabriel roseti iyo. misi naxatebis wyaro misi sayvareli mwerlebi da maTi Semoqmedeba iyo, maT Soris Seqspiri, kolriji, goeTe; Tumca yvelasagan gamorCeuli adgili dante aligieris ekavs.  roseti cdilobda Tavadve aexsna is simboloebi, romelsac iynebeda da amisaTvis suraTis CarCos iyenebda. magaliTad, Tavis pirvel naxats, romelic man ukve pre–rafaelitTa saZmos farglebSi Seqmna holman hantis studiaSi, amxsnelobiTi saxis soneti miawera. es suraTi da leqsi yvelasaTvis cnobili qalwuli mariamis axalgazrdobas asaxavs. 

rogorc dante gabriel roseti wers, wiTeli tilo imis simboloa, rom qriste jer ar dabadebula. wignebi, romelTac Tavze oqrosferi wigni adevT aris qvelmoqmedebis simbolo, rogorc pavle ambobs, SroSanebis umankoebas gamosaxavs, Svid-ekliani vardi da Svid-totiani palma, wminda mariamisaTvis jildocaa da sasjelic. udavoa, rom es simboloebi aluziaa qristeze, Tavad ricxv Svids ki mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia bibliaSi da mas mravaljer vxvdebiT. xolo mtredi ukana fonze suliwmindaa.

rosetis mxatvrobisa da poeziaSi erTerT centralur xats qali warmoadgens, romelsac misTvis xSirad mistiuri xasiaTi aqvs. Qqalis saxis rosetiseuli gaazreba sxvadasxva literaturuli wyarodan aris nasazrdoebi, maT Soris aris dantes ,,RvTaebrivi komedia’’ da tomas meloris ,,arturis sikvdili’’. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli roli misma piradma gamocdilebamac Seasrula.

1860 wels rosetim elizabet sidalze iqorwina, miuxedavad imisa rom lizi am droisaTvis momakvdavi iyo da ori wlis Semdeg opiumis zedmeti dozis miRebisagan gardaicvala.  lizis sikvdilis Sedegad ki rosetim  Tavisi ,,beatriCe’’ Seqma, romelic TiTqos erTi SexedviT dantes beatriCezea, Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT lizize ufroa. naxati savsea simbolizmiT: wiTeli mtredi beatriCes xelze, sikvdili simboloa, mzis saaTi, romelic ukana planzea cxra saaTs uCvenebs, es elizabet sidalis gardacvalebis droa; roseti 1863 wels elen hitontan gagzavnil werliSi wers:

“albaT gaxsovs is mimarTeba, rac dantes hqonda ricxv cxrasTan da beatriCesTan. pirvelad mas xvdeba cxra wlis asakSi, is kvdeba cxra saaTze 1290 wlis 9 ivniss. amiT yvelaferis naTqvami. dante mas miiCnevda da aigivebda ricxv ,,cxrasTan’’, anu cxra srulyofili ricxvia, andac srulyofilebis simbolo”

                         (uiltoni...  1997 :154)

  cxra, iseve rogorc sxva ricxvebi, mniSvnelovani simbolikis matarebelia. safiqrebelia, rom dante SemTxveviT ar uwodebda beatriCes ,,cxras”, radgan cxra sulgrZelobis, harmoniis, Stagonebis simboloa. iqidan gamomdinare, rom cxra 3X3-is erTobaa, srulyofilebis simboloa. amas garda, cxra maradiulobasac gamoxatavs. amas garda, albaT isic ar unda daviviwyoT apoloni da misi cxra muza. beatriCe dantes muza iyo, xolo elizabeti – rosetis.

beatriCes xelSi yayaCo uWiravs, romelic swored is opiumia, romelmac elizabeti Seiwira. ukana planze ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, qali da mamakaci, savaraudod dante da beatriCe, am ukanasknels xelSi sinaTlis sxivi ukavia, raTa gza gaunTos dantes, Tumca Tu dantes saxes davakvirdebiT igi TiTqos misgan moSorebiT dgas da amreziTac ki uyurebs mas. albaT rosetis am suraTiT Tavisi da lizis urTierTobis Cveneba surda da ara dantesi da beatriCesi. lizis SeeZlo yofiliyo misTvis beatriCe da misi gzamkvlevi, Tumca dantesagan gansxvavebiT rosetim es ar moindoma. aseve aRsaniSnavia is kedelic, romelic am or plans Suaze hyofs da safiqrebelia, rom rosetim es kedeli tyuilad ar aago.     

mistiuri qalis saxe, rosetis naxatebis garda mis leqsebSic gvxvdeba. aSkaraa, rom rosetis erTdroulad izidavs kidevac es mistiuri qmnilebebi da aSinebs kidec.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos rosetis leqsi ‘dalocvili qalbatoni’ (The Blessed Damozel’), romelzedac rosetim ara mxolod ferweuli tilo Seqmna, aramed leqsic. orive naxatica da leqsic erTi da igive mistiuri simbolikis matarebelia. ucnauri siyvarulis istoria, romelic am nawarmoebSia, STagonebulia edgar alen pos ‘yornisagan’, sadac gadmocemulia poetis gancdebi sayvareli qalis, lenoris, gardacvalebis. rosetim Tavis biografs T. hol keins miswera, rom misi es leqsi pos yornis gagrZeleba iyo: ‘me davinaxe, rom pom SeuZlebeli SeZlo da gadmogvca dedamiwaze arsebuli mgloviare Seyvarebulis xati, da me gadavwyite absoluturad Semecvala garemoeba da mimeca SesaZlebloba ganoeTqvaT is tanjva romelsac zecaSi myofi sayvareli adamiani ganicdis, romelic sikvdilis ZaliT iZulebulia daSordes dedamiwaze imas, romelic uyvars.’ (keini 2008)

es leqsi datvirTulia mravali simboloTi, da aRsaniSnavia, rom poetma leqsis pirveli oTxi strofi naxatis CarCoze miawera. ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani simbolo pirveli taepis bolos gvxvdeba, rodesac poeti agviRwers qalbatons:

She had three lilies in her hand,

And the stars in her hair were seven (roseti 2012: 343)

mas hqonda sami SroSani xelSi

da mis TmaSi Svidi varskvali iyo Camagrebuli

udavoa ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom uWiravs xelSi dalocvil qalbatons xelSi SroSani da varskvlavi?

cnobilia, rom SroSani simboluri datvirTvis matarebeli yvavilia. Zveli berZnebi SroSans herasTan, zevsis colTan akavSirebdnen. maT miaCndaT rom herakles kvebis dros heras rZe daiRvara da aqedan gaCnda es yvavili. romaelebisaTvis es yvavili seqsualurobasTan asocirdeboda, imis gamo rom SroSans sakmaod mozrdili butkoebi aqvs. SroSani bibliaSic xSirad aris naxsenebi da aq is siwmindesTan asocirdeba. arsebobs qalwuli mariamis bevri surTi sadac is SroSanTan erTad aris gamosaxuli da es yvavilebi misi rwmenisa da umankoebis simboloa. amas garda SroSani axalgazrdobasTanacaa dakavSirebuli. safiqrebelia, rom rosetis SroSani xazs usvams erTis mxriv qalbatonis axalgazrdobas, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs da met tkivils matebs am danakliss. sami SroSani ki wminda samebis xazgasmas emsaxureba.

varskvlavi, romelsac bevri simboluri datvirTva gaaCnia, erT-erTi versiiT qristes xuT Wrilobas ganasaxirebs da rosetis surda xazi gaesva Tu ra Zlieri iyo is tanjva, rasac es qalbatoni ganicdida iq zecaSi, sayvareli adamianisagan moSorebiT. cifri Svidi sulieri srulyofilebis simboloa da suliwmindas gamoxatavs. 

,,kurTxeuli qalbatonis’’ personaJi qalisagan srulebiT gansxvavebuli, Tumca masaviT mistiuri, magram am SemTxvevaSi fataluri qalis saxes qmnis roseti erT-erTi sonetSi ‘sxeulis mSveniereba’ (Body’s beauty ). sonetis mTavari personaJi liliti warmodgenilia, rogorc oqrosferTmiani, marad axalgazrda, macduri qali, romelic TvalismomomWrel bades qsovs, romelSic kacebs abams. 

                                           

And still she sits, young while the earth is old,…

Draws men to watch the bright web she can weave,

Till heart and body and life are in its hold.

(roseti 2012: 265)

ebrauli folkloris Tanaxmad, liliti adamis pirveli coli iyo, Tumca mas Semdeg rac man adamis sruli morCileba ar moisurva gaZevebul iqna edemis baRidan da demonuri xasiaTis matarebel personaJad mogvevlina. adams ki RmerTma meore coli eva gauCnda, romelic misi neknisagan Seqmna, rac misi morCilebis garantia iqneboda.

legendis Tanaxmad liliti Zafs arTavda da mravalricxovani sayvarlebi hyavda, romelTan urTierTobis Sedegad mravali Svili SeeZina, romlebic Semdeg dedamiwazec moedvnen. xolo, rodesac ukan dabruneba undaT isini amisaTvis sarkes iyeneben. amitom miiCneoda, rom liliti yvela sarkeSi cxovrobda. lilitze bevri Zvel-ebrauli Tqmuleba arsebobs, romlebsic is negatiur da demonuri niSan-Tvisebebis matarebel qaladaa warmodgenili, liliti Zlieri da fataluri qalia, romelic kacebis brZaneblobas ar emorCileba. is viqtorianuli epoqis qalis ideals upirispirdeba da savaraudoa, rom swored es izidavs rosetis masSi. liliti mamakacebSi vnebas da amasTanave SiSs aRZravs, radgan Tu misi gavlenis qveS moeqcevi veRar gaTavisufldebi, Tumca misi mimzidvelobisagan Tavis Sors daWera Zalian Znelia.

suraTze liliti vardisa da yayaCos TanxlebiT aris gamosaxuli. vardi siyvaruli simboloa xolo yayaCo opiumTan da zmanebasTan asocirdeba,  Sedegad rosetis imis xaz gasma surda, rom is siyvaruli romelic kacebs lilitTan akavSirebs zmanebis magvari ufroa da realobas ar Seesabameba.

Kkidev erTi nawarmoebi, romelSic roseti qalis saxes kidev erTi axali waxnagiT warmogvidgens - ,,fiametas xilvaa’’, romelic rosetim 1878 wels Seqmna, da msgavsad wina ori sonetisa am leqssac gaformebis saxiT naxatic moyveba.

                                             While she, with reassuring eyes most fair,

                                             A presage and a promise  stands; as 'twere

                    On Death's dark storm the rainbow of the Soul.

(roseti 2012:92)

suraTis CarCoze sami teqstia warmodgenili: bokaCos soneti ‘fiametas bolo naxva’, am sonetis rosetiseuli Targmani da rosetis leqsi, romelis fiametas, bokaCos muzas eZRvneba. fiameta wina ori qalis msgavsad mistiuria. misi namdvili saxeli maria dakvino iyo, fiameta ki zedmetsaxeli da iTargmneba, rogorc patara ali. fiametas surTze alisferi kaba acvia, rac aluziaa mis saxelTan. mis ukan foni Savia. anu wina planze sicocxlea ukan ki sikvdili. warmavali vaSlis yvaviloba, romliTac fiametaa garemoculi, xazs usvams rom mSveniereba wuTieria. TeTri da wiTeli yvavilebis cvena simbolurad gamoxatavs kvdomas. wiTeli Citi, romelic fiamatas Tavze adgas sikvdilis macnea. pepelebi ki romelic gars artyia sulis simboloa. fiamatas Tavze Saravandedi adgas, rac mis angelosur raobas wina planze wevs.

rosetis leqsi, romelic naxats Tan axlavs mis aRweras warmoadgens. leqsis mTavari simbolo aqac rogroc ‘dalocvil qalbatonSi’ axalgazrda qalbatonis gardacvalebaa da miuxedavad im Savi fonisa da tragikuli ganwyobisa, romelsac leqsi ganicdis, mas mainc imediani da naTeli dasasruli aqvs. 

bolo striqonSi sibneleSi cisartyelis danaxva is imedia, romelic mkiTxvels sWirdeba, radgan es imis niSania adamianis suls aqvs unariiyos cisartyelis sxivi iyos Savi sikvdilis garemocvaSi. muzis fizikurma sikvdilma arasdros ar unda gamoiwvios misi sulieri dakargva, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi Semomqmedi verafers veRar Seqmnis, swored amasve emsaxureba am leqsis imediani dasasruli.

 Aamrigad, dante Ggabriel rosetis SemoqmedebaSi qalis saxes saintereso simboluri datvirTva aqvs. igi xan mis beatriCed warmogvidgeba, xan macdur lilitad da xan poetis muzad. magram rac aerTianebs yvela am saxes aris misi mistiuroba da poeturi gamoxatvis saintereso forma, romelSic poezia da mxtvroba erTmaneTs avsebs da erTad warmoqmnis qalis saxis orginalur da saintereso gaazrebas.